Vertigo atau pusing, biasanya hasil dari gangguan dalam sistem vestibular perifer (yaitu, struktur dari telinga bagian dalam). Pusing juga dapat terjadi karena gangguan pada sistem vestibular tengah (yaitu, vestibular saraf, batang otak, dan cerebellum). Dalam beberapa kasus, penyebab vertigo tidak diketahui.
Gangguan vestibular perifer meliputi:
Paroxysmal posisional vertigo (BPPV; perifer paling umum gangguan;
dapat disertai dengan pendengaran, penurunan fungsi kognitif dan
kelemahan otot wajah)
Cogan's
syndrome (peradangan jaringan ikat di kornea; hasil dalam vertigo,
dering di telinga [tinnitus], dan kehilangan pendengaran)
Ménière
penyakit (fluktuasi tekanan cairan telinga bagian dalam [endolymph];
hasil parah vertigo, dering di telinga [tinnitus], dan progresif
pendengaran)
Ototoxicity (yaitu, telinga keracunan)
Vestibular neuritis (peradangan dari sel-sel saraf vestibular; dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi virus).
Paroxysmal posisional vertigo (BPPV) biasanya mempengaruhi salah satu
tabung penginderaan di telinga bagian dalam yang disebut kanal berbentuk
setengah lingkaran posterior. BPPV terjadi
ketika membangun puing-puing yang terdiri dari kalsium karbonat dan
protein (disebut otoliths atau telinga kristal) dan bergerak di sekitar
di kanal berbentuk setengah lingkaran posterior. BPPV juga dapat mempengaruhi kanal anterior atau kanal horisontal.
Ketika
kepala bergerak dengan cara tertentu (misalnya, berputar di tempat tidur,
mencari, membungkuk), kristal kalsium bergerak dan memicu sensor
telinga bagian dalam, menyebabkan sensasi singkat berputar. Degenerasi
telinga bagian dalam (biasanya terjadi pada pasien usia lanjut), trauma
kepala, dan infeksi telinga bagian dalam (misalnya, otitis media,
labyrinthitis) dapat menyebabkan BPPV.
Beberapa
obat dan bahan kimia lingkungan (misalnya, timah, merkuri, timah) dapat
menyebabkan ototoxicity (yaitu, telinga keracunan), yang dapat
mengakibatkan kerusakan telinga bagian dalam atau 8 kranial saraf (saraf
akustik) dan menyebabkan vertigo. Kerusakan dapat bersifat permanen atau sementara.
Penggunaan
jangka panjang atau dosis tinggi tertentu antibiotik (misalnya,
aminoglycosides [Streptomisin, gentamisin]) dan antineoplastics
(misalnya, cisplatin, carboplatin) dapat menyebabkan ototoxicity
permanen.
Obat yang dapat menyebabkan ototoxicity meliputi:
Antikonvulsan (misalnya, fenitoin, carbamazepine)
Antidepresan (misalnya, clomipramine, amoxapine)
Antihypertensives (misalnya, labetalol, enalapril)
Loop diuretik (misalnya, bumetanide, furosemide)
Obat penghilang gejala nyeri (misalnya, aspirin)
Resep dan over-the-counter obat-obatan dingin
Kina (misalnya, klorokuin, quinidine)
Translate http://www.healthcommunities.com/vertigo/causes.shtml
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